Thursday 13 October 2016

Blood Pressure Monitor Readings

One in seven Australian adults have high blood pressure, or hypertension as it's known medically, and many others suffer from low blood pressure, or hypo tension. If you're one of them, you don't need to wait to see your doctor to find out how your lifestyle is affecting your blood pressure. Using a blood pressure monitor at home can help you keep a closer eye on things.


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Monitor Reading For high Blood Pressure:

 The right blood pressure monitor can give you a better understanding of your condition. It can be motivational, as it gives you feedback while you're making changes to your lifestyle – all those kale smoothies and CrossFit classes will be worth it as you watch your blood pressure come down! And they provide your GP with additional measurements to monitor your condition or adjust your medication.
Another good reason for do-it-yourself blood pressure checks is something known as 'white-coat hypertension'. Does the thought of visiting your doctor turn you to jelly? You might get an increased reading that is more due to nerves than high blood pressure. Monitoring your blood pressure when you are relaxed at home could give a more accurate result.

But of course accuracy also comes down to the machine. In our test of blood pressure monitors, accuracy ranged from just okay to excellent.
Automatic or manual?

Blood pressure monitors can be automatic or manual:

Automatic models inflate the cuff automatically. They tend to work better than manual monitors, but there are some exceptions. In our test of blood pressure monitors, we didn't find much difference in accuracy between upper arm and wrist models.
Manual models require you to inflate the cuff yourself by pumping a bulb. Unfortunately, this does not count as exercise.
Other features to look for

Cuff size

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Arm monitors come in three different sizes. You will need to measure your arm's circumference halfway between your shoulder and elbow while standing with your arm hanging at your side. A circumference of 18-22cm requires a small cuff, 22-32cm requires a medium cuff, and above 32cm a large cuff. Wrist monitors usually only come in one cuff size.

Display

Make sure the monitor's keys and display are easy for you to read.
Adjustable inflation level

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The cuff has to be inflated to a level above the systolic blood pressure, but the automatic inflation setting might be a lot higher and it could be uncomfortable. Some models have an adjustable inflation level so you can program the pressure.
Memory

Some monitors can store several recent blood pressure measurements, sometimes for two people.
Mains power adapter

Some battery-run monitors can also operate from the mains power, but check that an adapter is supplied.
Irregular heart rate display

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An on screen alert if the heart rate has some disturbance.
Hypertension indicator

A hypertension warning on the screen if necessary – which is a good prompt to visit your GP.

Special note on calibration and technique


When you first get your blood pressure monitor, take it to your GP to get it checked against a sphygmomanometer or your GP's monitor so you know if it's accurate or if you have to adjust its readings for error. Also, get your doctor to check your technique while you are there to make sure you are measuring your heart rate correctly. Check out our 8 step guide to measuring your blood pressure.

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High Blood Pressure Machine

The machine of high blood pressure machine. We usually simple machine of high  blood pressure. We first advise our personal doctor.  A sphygmomanometer, blood pressure meter, blood pressure monitor, or blood pressure gauge is a device used to measure blood pressure, composed of an inflatable cuff to collapse and then release the artery under the cuff in a controlled manner,[1] and a mercury or mechanical manometer to measure the pressure. It is always used in conjunction with a means to determine at what pressure blood flow is just starting, and at what pressure it is unimpeded. Manual sphygmomanometers are used in conjunction with a stethoscope.


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Machine of high blood pressure:

 A sphygmomanometer consists of an inflatable cuff, a measuring unit (the mercury manometer, or aneroid gauge), and a mechanism for inflation which may be a manually operated bulb and valve or a pump operated electrically.

Contents  [hide]
1 Types
2 Operation
3 Significance
4 Pressure sensors in digital devices
5 History
6 Names
7 References
8 External links
Types[edit]
There are three types of sphygmomanometers:

Manual sphygmomanometers require a stethoscope for auscultation (see below). They are used by trained practitioners. It is possible to obtain a basic reading through palpation alone, but this only yields the systolic pressure.
Mercury sphygmomanometers are considered the gold standard. They show blood pressure by affecting the height of a column of mercury, which does not require recalibration.[2] Because of their accuracy, they are often used in clinical trials of drugs and in clinical evaluations of high-risk patients, including pregnant women.
Aneroid sphygmomanometers (mechanical types with a dial) are in common use; they may require calibration checks, unlike mercury manometers. Aneroid sphygmomanometers are considered safer than mercury sphygmomanometers, although inexpensive ones are less accurate.[3] A major cause of departure from calibration is mechanical jarring. Aneroids mounted on walls or stands are not susceptible to this particular problem.

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Digital, using oscillometric measurements and electronic calculations rather than auscultation. They may use manual or automatic inflation. These are electronic, are easy to operate without training, and can be used in noisy environments; they are not as accurate as mercury instruments. They measure systolic and diastolic pressures by oscillometric detection, using a piezoelectric pressure sensor and electronic components, including a microprocessor.[4] They do not measure systolic and diastolic pressures directly, but calculate them from the mean pressure and empirical statistical oscillometric parameters[clarification needed]. Calibration is also a concern for these instruments.[5][6][7] Most instruments also display pulse rate. Digital oscillometric monitors are also confronted with several "special conditions" for which they are not designed to be used, such as arteriosclerosis, arrhythmia, preeclampsia, pulsus alternans, and pulsus paradoxus.[citation needed] People measuring blood pressure in patients with these conditions should use analog sphygmomanometers, because, when used by a trained person, they are more accurate than digital sphygmomanometers. Digital instruments may use a cuff placed, in order of accuracy[8] and inverse order of portability and convenience, around the upper arm, the wrist, or a finger.[9] The oscillometric method of detection used gives blood pressure readings that differ from those determined by auscultation, and vary according to many factors, such as pulse pressure, heart rate and arterial stiffness.[10] Some instruments are claimed also to measure arterial stiffness. However such machines are not recommended for regular users, because machines that are claimed to have 3% accuracy rates are usually inaccurate to over 7%, and may give two different readings when checked at the same time.[citation needed] Some of these monitors also detect irregular heartbeats.
Operation[edit]

Medical Student taking blood pressure at the brachial artery
In humans, the cuff is normally placed smoothly and snugly around an upper arm, at roughly the same vertical height as the heart while the subject is seated with the arm supported. Other sites of placement depend on species, it may include the flipper or tail. It is essential that the correct size of cuff is selected for the patient. Too small a cuff results in too high a pressure, while too large a cuff results in too low a pressure. For clinical measurements it is usual to measure and record both arms in the initial consultation to determine if the pressure is significantly higher in one arm than the other. A difference of 10 mm Hg may be a sign of coarctation of the aorta. If the arms read differently, the higher reading arm would be used for later readings.[citation needed] The cuff is inflated until the artery is completely occluded.

With a manual instrument, listening with a stethoscope to the brachial artery at the elbow, the examiner slowly releases the pressure in the cuff. As the pressure in the cuffs falls, a "whooshing" or pounding sound is heard (see Korotkoff sounds) when blood flow first starts again in the artery. The pressure at which this sound began is noted and recorded as the systolic blood pressure. The cuff pressure is further released until the sound can no longer be heard. This is recorded as the diastolic blood pressure. In noisy environments where auscultation is impossible (such as the scenes often encountered in emergency medicine), systolic blood pressure alone may be read by releasing the pressure until a radial pulse is palpated (felt). In veterinary medicine, auscultation is rarely of use, and palpation or visualization of pulse distal to the sphygmomanometer is used to detect systolic pressure.

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Digital instruments use a cuff which may be placed, according to the instrument, around the upper arm, wrist, or a finger, in all cases elevated to the same height as the heart. They inflate the cuff and gradually reduce the pressure in the same way as a manual meter, and measure blood pressures by the oscillometric method.[4]

Significance[edit]
Main article: Blood pressure
By observing the mercury in the column while releasing the air pressure with a control valve, one can read the values of the blood pressure in mm Hg. The peak pressure in the arteries during the cardiac cycle is the systolic pressure, and the lowest pressure (at the resting phase of the cardiac cycle) is the diastolic pressure. A stethoscope is used in the auscultatory method. Systolic pressure (first phase) is identified with the first of the continuous Korotkoff sounds. Diastolic pressure is identified at the moment the Korotkoff sounds disappear (fifth phase).

Measurement of the blood pressure is carried out in the diagnosis and treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure), and in many other healthcare scenarios.

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Pressure sensors in digital devices[edit]
Two types of pressure sensors are typically found in digital devices: deformable membranes that are measured using differential capacitance, which is electrostatic, or differential piezoresistance.

History[edit]

A French sphygmomanometer used during World War I
The device was invented by Samuel Siegfried Karl Ritter von Basch in 1881.[1] Scipione Riva-Rocci introduced a more easily used version in 1896. In 1901, Harvey Cushing modernized the device and popularized it within the medical community.

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Names[edit]
The word sphygmomanometer (/ˌsfɪɡmoʊməˈnɒmᵻtər/, sfig-moh-mə-nom-i-tər) uses the combining form of sphygmo- + manometer. The roots involved are as follows: Greek σφυγμός sphygmos "pulse", plus the scientific term manometer (from French manomètre), i.e. "pressure meter", itself coined from μανός manos "thin, sparse", and μέτρον metron "measure".[11][12][13]

Most sphygmomanometers were mechanical gauges with dial faces during the first half of the 20th century. Since the advent of electronic medical devices, names such as "meter" and "monitor" can also apply, as devices can automatically monitor blood pressure on an ongoing basis.

References[edit]

^ Jump up to: a b

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